Friday, October 1, 2010

Blue Giant Stars

Stars come in many shapes and sizes and they come in many colors. The color of a star depends on its temperature. The coolest stars are red, while the hottest stars are blue. And the temperature of a star depends entirely on its mass. The more massive a star, the hotter it's going to be. Stars don't get more massive or hot than blue giant stars.
If a star has enough mass, it will have a surface temperature greater than about 10,000 Kelvin and shine with a blue color. Some blue giants blaze with a surface temperature of 20,000 Kelvin or more, and are extremely luminous. Just for comparison, a star like our Sun only has a surface temperature of about 6,000 Kelvin. A blue giant star can put out 10,000 times as much energy as the Sun. The largest and hottest stars in the Universe are these blue giant stars.
A familiar example is the blue giant star Spica, located in the constellation Virgo. It is the 15th brightest star in the nighttime sky and is 260 light years distant from Earth. Another Blue Giant is Bellatrix. Although its magnitude varies slightly, this blue giant is always prominent. It is found in the constellation of Orion the Hunter.
The true monsters of the Universe are blue supergiant stars, like Rigel. These have surface temperatures of 20,000 – 50,000 Kelvin and can be 25 times larger than the Sun. Because they're so large, and burn so hot, they use up their fuel very quickly. A middle-sized star like our Sun might last for 12 billion years, while a blue supergiant will detonate with a few hundred million years. The smaller stars will leave neutron stars or black holes behind, while the largest will just vaporize themselves completely.
An even more extreme example is the blue hypergiant Eta Carinae, located about 8,000 light years away. Eta Carinae is a monster, estimated to have more than 100 times the mass of the Sun. It's burning fuel at such a tremendous rate that it puts out 4 million times as much energy as the Sun, with a surface temperature of 40,000 Kelvin. Astronomers expect Eta Carinae to detonate as a supernova in a few hundred thousand years.

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